Hechter and Kanazawa: studied high level of social control in Japanese society. Conformity linked to influence of powerful group networks at home, school and at work. (211-212)
Cohen and Felson: developed opportunity theory of deviance. Deviance is linked to motivation, available targets and weak observation mechanisms. (213)
Cambridge-Somerville Experiment (Cabot, Powers and Witmer): unsuccessful delinquency prevention program designed to reduce delinquency among boys from disadvantaged communities. Boys in the experimental group were provided with economic and social experiences generally available only to the more affluent. Delinquency rates for the experimental and control groups were the same. (214-216) Gibbs: developed a deterrence theory linking crime reduction to the perceived swiftness, certainty and severity of punishment (218-219).
Ehrlich: analyzed homicide and execution data for the 1933-1969 period and noted a strong negative correlation between homicide and execution rates (220-221).
Corman and Mocan: looked at 30 years of crime, arrest, and police staffing data in New York City and found that more police and arrests is associated with lower crime (222-223).
Lenihan, Rossi and Berk and the Transitional Aid Research Project (TARP): prison reform and resocialization program designed to ease the transition of ex-convicts back to society. Ex-convicts in the experimental group received monetary assistance for a six-month period. At the study’s end, the experimental and control group recidivism rates were identical. (225-227)
